Expert Reviews and Ratings of Bookmakers in the UK 2024

AK Bets UK offers competitive odds on horse racing, football, and greyhounds, along with niche markets like politics and TV specials. The platform features live streaming, bet builder, and price movement graphics, ensuring an engaging betting experience.

T&Cs Apply

18+ only. Promotions vary. Free bets may require minimum odds and qualifying stakes. Responsible gambling tools available. Begambleaware.org.

Virgin Bet is a premier UK sportsbook offering competitive odds, live streaming, and an intuitive mobile app. With a wide range of sports markets and exciting casino games, Virgin Bet delivers a secure and thrilling betting experience for players.

T&Cs Apply
Eligibility: Offer available to new Virgin Bet customers aged 18+ and residing in the UK. Qualifying Bet: Place a minimum £10 bet on a market with odds of 1/2 (1.5) or higher. Bonus Activation: £20 in free bets will be credited upon settlement of the qualifying bet. Usage: Free bets must be used within 7 days and cannot be withdrawn or exchanged for cash. Excluded Markets: Certain markets and payment methods may be excluded from this promotion. General Terms: Standard Virgin Bet terms and conditions apply.

Launched in 2021, Fafabet is a fresh and exciting betting site in the UK, offering competitive odds, diverse markets, and innovative features like Fafabet Create A Bet. Operated by Taichi Tech Ltd and powered by FSB Tech, Fafabet delivers a seamless betting experience for sports and casino enthusiasts.

T&Cs Apply

18+ only. New customers. Minimum deposit and qualifying bet required. Free bets credited in increments. Casino bonus subject to wagering requirements. Beg

Sporting Index is the UK's leading platform for spread betting and fixed-odds betting, offering a wide range of markets, innovative features, and secure mobile access for bettors of all levels.

T&Cs Apply

Spread Betting Cashback Offer

Offer valid for new customers only. Cashback applies to net losses on qualifying spread bets placed within 28 days of account registration. Maximum cashback amount is £300. Minimum deposit required: £10. Excludes spread bets settled after the 28-day promotional period.

Fixed-Odds Free Bet Offer

Offer valid for new customers only. Place a minimum £10 bet on any fixed-odds market to qualify. Two £10 free bets will be credited upon settlement of the qualifying bet. Free bets must be used within 7 days. Free bet stakes are not returned as part of any winnings.

General Terms

One welcome offer per customer. Offers cannot be combined with any other promotions. Sporting Index reserves the right to amend or withdraw the promotions at any time. Standard Sporting Index responsible gambling tools apply.

This platform offers a comprehensive sportsbook with diverse sports coverage, including traditional markets and esports, paired with competitive promotions and user-friendly features.

T&Cs Apply

Terms are straightforward: qualifying bets must be placed at odds of 2.0 or greater, and the free bet is valid for singles or accumulators with minimum odds of 1.80.

Explore a trusted sports betting platform with competitive odds, a wide range of markets, and user-friendly features. Enjoy live betting, fast withdrawals, and a seamless mobile experience tailored for UK bettors.

T&Cs Apply
Minimum Deposit: £15. Bonus Amount: 100% match up to £50. Wagering Requirement: 8x the bonus amount on bets with minimum odds of 4/5 (1.80). Time Limit: The bonus must be used within 60 days. Eligible Bets: Only sports bets qualify; cashed-out or voided bets do not count toward wagering. Restrictions: One bonus per user. Offer available to new UK customers only.

Discover QuinnBet, a UK-focused betting platform offering a wide range of sports, casino games, and horse racing promotions. Enjoy competitive odds, generous bonuses, and a user-friendly experience designed for UK bettors.

T&Cs Apply
The welcome offer is available to new customers only. 50% cashback applies to net losses on the first day, up to a maximum of £50. To qualify, a minimum of 3 bets must be placed on the first day. 50 free spins are awarded for use on selected casino games. Free spins must be used within 7 days. Offer applies to bets placed at odds of 1/2 (1.5) or greater. Full T&Cs apply, and customers must be 18 or older.

Bzeebet is a modern UK betting site offering a robust selection of sportsbook and casino options. With its secure platform and user-friendly design, it caters to both casual players and seasoned bettors.

T&Cs Apply

Bonuses at online casino require a minimum deposit of £10 and come with a wagering requirement of x30 for casino bonuses or conditions tied to odds for sports bets. Players must use their bonuses within 7 days, ensuring fairness and transparency in the promotion terms.

Discover Planet Sport Bet, your ultimate betting platform in the UK for 2024! Packed with exciting features, generous bonuses, and diverse betting options, Planet Sport Bet ensures a seamless and rewarding experience for sports enthusiasts. Dive into an extensive sportsbook, competitive odds, and innovative tools to elevate your betting journey.

T&Cs Apply

Offer valid for new UK customers aged 18+. Minimum first bet of £10 at odds of 1/2 (1.5) or higher required. Free bet credited upon settlement of the qualifying bet and must be used within 7 days. Free bet stake not returned with winnings. Certain payment methods excluded. Full T&Cs apply. Gamble responsibly.

Parimatch is a trusted UKGC-licensed bookmaker offering extensive football betting markets, dynamic in-play betting UK, and a user-friendly Parimatch app. New users can claim a generous Bet £10 Get £20 welcome bonus.

T&Cs Apply
Eligibility: New customers only, aged 18+. Qualifying Bet: Deposit and place a £10 bet on sports markets with minimum odds of 2.0 (evens). Bonus Breakdown: £50 in free bets awarded upon qualifying bet settlement. Wagering Requirements: Free bets must be used within 7 days. Restrictions: Free bets cannot be cashed out. Full T&Cs apply.

Discover Fitzdares, a premium British bookmaker offering a unique blend of traditional betting and modern innovation. With a focus on horse racing, golf, and exclusive features like text-to-bet and the Fitzdares Club, this platform delivers a personalized and high-end online betting UK experience.

T&Cs Apply
Eligibility: New customers only, aged 18+. Qualifying Bet: Place a bet of £50 at minimum odds of 2.0 (Evens) or higher. Free Bets: £10 for football, £10 for greyhound racing, and £5 for virtual sports. Free bets are valid for 7 days after issue. Free bets must be used in full and cannot be cashed out. Free Spins: 10 free spins on the Reel King slot. Each spin valued at £0.10. Free spins expire 7 days after being credited. General: Fitzdares reserves the right to modify or withdraw the promotion at any time. Standard Fitzdares betting site terms and conditions apply.

Betarno offers a well-rounded betting experience with a focus on diverse sports coverage, an engaging online casino, and cutting-edge live betting features.

T&Cs Apply

To qualify for the welcome bonus, users must deposit a minimum of £10. The bonus comes with a 5x wagering requirement on odds of 1.5 or higher, and it must be used within 30 days.

LiveScore Bet provides a top-tier betting platform with diverse sports markets, competitive odds, and an intuitive user experience.

T&Cs Apply

Offer available to new UK customers; qualifying bets must be placed within 14 days at minimum odds of 1/2 (1.5). Free Bet Tokens are valid for 7 days and exclude virtuals; deposits via certain card types do not qualify.

Pub Sports offers a variety of casino games, including slots, live dealer tables, and classic card games, seamlessly integrated with its sportsbook for a versatile experience.

T&Cs Apply

Bonuses require a 30x wagering of bonus funds, with clear terms provided to ensure fair play.

Matchbook is a leading UK betting exchange offering competitive odds, low commission rates, and a secure, user-friendly platform tailored for value-focused bettors.

T&Cs Apply

Terms and conditions apply, including eligibility criteria and specific wagering requirements. Ensure you review the full details before participating.

Betano Sportsbook offers UK bettors a dynamic platform with competitive odds, diverse markets, and unique features like enhanced accumulators and live betting. With its user-friendly interface and commitment to responsible gambling, Betano provides a top-tier betting experience.

T&Cs Apply
New customers only, 18+. Min deposit £10 (no e-wallets). Qualifying bet min odds 1.50. Free bets expire in 7 days. Full T&Cs apply.

Spreadex combines the thrill of spread betting with the simplicity of fixed odds, offering a versatile platform for sports enthusiasts and financial traders. With competitive odds, innovative tools, and tailored promotions, Spreadex delivers a premium betting experience for all users.

T&Cs Apply
New customers only, 18+. Qualifying bets apply. Cashback valid on spread betting losses only. Full T&Cs on the Spreadex website.

All British Sports delivers a top-notch betting experience tailored for UK players. With competitive odds, diverse markets, and modern features like Apple Pay, it’s ideal for casual and experienced bettors alike. Secure payments and transparent terms make it a reliable choice.

T&Cs Apply

New players, 18+ only. Minimum deposit £10. Qualifying bet: odds 1.50+. Free bet valid for 7 days. Full terms apply. Play responsibly.

Discover a leading UK sportsbook tailored for horse racing enthusiasts. Explore competitive odds, unique cashback offers, and a user-friendly experience designed for both new and seasoned bettors.

T&Cs Apply
Eligibility: Offer valid for new users only, aged 18 or above. A minimum of three bets of £10 or more is required to qualify. Betting Requirements: Bets must be placed at minimum odds of 1/1 (2.00 in decimal format). Only losses incurred on the first day after registration are eligible. Cashback Details: Cashback is credited as a free bet up to a maximum of BetGoodwin £25. BetGoodwin free betsmust be used within 7 days of issuance. General Conditions: Promotion cannot be combined with other offers. Standard terms and conditions apply.

Explore Kwiff, the UK-based bookmaker known for its innovative odds and mobile-friendly experience. Discover exciting promotions, a user-friendly app, and a unique betting approach designed to keep players engaged.

T&Cs Apply
Minimum Deposit: £10. Qualifying Bet: Place a £10 bet on odds of 1.5 or higher. Bonus Amount: £30 in free bets credited upon settlement of the qualifying bet. Expiry: Free bets expire 7 days after being credited. Restrictions: Offer valid for UK residents only. Deposits made via PayPal, Visa, or Mastercard are eligible. Bets placed using the cash-out option are excluded. One Bonus Per User: Limited to one account per person, household, or IP address.

Neptune Play is a trusted UK betting platform offering a seamless combination of casino games and sports betting. With over 2,100 casino games and 30+ sports markets, it provides something for every player. Enjoy competitive promotions, secure payments, and user-friendly navigation on both desktop and mobile.

T&Cs Apply

Sportsbook Bonus:

Eligibility: New customers aged 18+ only. Minimum Deposit: £10. Qualifying Bet: Place a bet with odds of 2.0 or higher. Exclusions: Deposits via PayPal, Skrill, and Neteller are not eligible. Free Bet Validity: 7 days from issuance.

Casino Bonus:

Eligibility: New customers aged 18+ only. Minimum Deposit: £10. Wagering Requirements: 40x wagering on bonus funds and winnings from free spins. Game Restrictions: Free spins valid on selected slots only. Bonus Expiry: 21 days from activation.

General Conditions:

One welcome bonus per player. Bonuses are subject to change at the discretion of Neptune Play. Full terms and conditions are available on the Neptune Play website.

talkSPORT BET offers a casino section with popular games like slots, blackjack, and roulette, providing extra entertainment beyond sports betting.

T&Cs Apply

Terms and conditions apply to all offers, including a minimum deposit of £10, qualifying bets placed at minimum odds of 1.5, and eligibility limited to users aged 18 or above who are residents of the UK.

SBK is a mobile-exclusive sports betting platform launched in 2019 by Smarkets, offering a user-friendly experience focused on competitive odds and community-driven features.

T&Cs Apply

Terms and conditions apply, including a minimum deposit of £10 and qualifying bet requirements.

NetBet is a leading UK betting platform known for its extensive NetBet sportsbook and NetBet online casino, providing users with a secure and regulated betting environment. Its broad selection includes popular sports, eSports on NetBet, and casino games, meeting diverse betting preferences.

T&Cs Apply

The NetBet welcome bonus comes with specific NetBet Terms and Conditions, including a 6x wagering requirement within 30 days. Additionally, only bets at minimum odds qualify, ensuring players meet necessary criteria to benefit fully from the offer.

Bookmaker Reviews

In the competitive world of UK bookmakers, finding the right betting platform can be overwhelming. With so many options available, bettors need reliable, detailed insights to make informed decisions. That’s where bookmaker reviews come in. These reviews analyze key features, promotions, and overall performance, providing bettors with the knowledge they need to select the best sites in the UK.

The UK’s gambling market is one of the most regulated in the world, with strict licensing requirements set by the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC). However, not all betting sites are created equal, and choosing a bookmaker without thorough research can lead to missed opportunities or a subpar experience. In this article, we’ll explore what makes a bookmaker trustworthy, compare top platforms, and provide actionable tips to help you find the ideal betting site.

Top Features of the Best UK Betting Sites

When evaluating betting sites, several factors, such as bookmaker reviews, determine whether they stand out in a crowded market. Here are the most crucial features to consider:

Why Licensing and Security Matter for UK Bettors

A valid UKGC license ensures that the bookmaker operates legally and adheres to strict regulations. Look for additional security measures such as SSL encryption to protect customer data and funds on betting sites.

Finding Competitive Odds and Market Variety

The best UK bookmakers consistently offer competitive odds across various sports. Comprehensive market coverage, including niche sports and special events, ensures a broader range of betting opportunities. Popular odds markets like football, tennis and cricket are often complemented by unique options such as esports and politics.

The Role of Welcome Offers and Promotions in Choosing a Bookmaker

Bookmaker reviews show that generous welcome offers, such as matched deposits or free bets, attract new customers. For instance, a site offering “Bet £10 Get £30” for welcome offers provides significant initial value.

Ongoing promotions, including cashback and enhanced odds, add value for existing users. Look out for daily and event-specific offers that amplify the betting experience.

How to Spot User-Friendly Betting Sites and Apps

A seamless interface with fast loading times is essential for both desktop and mobile platforms. High-quality mobile apps enhance the experience for bettors on the go, with features like push notifications for promotions and in-play updates.

The Role of Responsible Gambling Tools

Features like deposit limits, self-exclusion options, and time-outs promote responsible gambling. Many UK bookmakers also integrate third-party tools like GamStop to ensure player safety.

Top UK Bookmakers Reviewed: Find the Right Betting Site for You

Finding the perfect betting platform is a crucial step for UK bettors. With numerous options available, it can be challenging to identify the right site to meet your needs. To simplify your decision-making, we’ve compiled bookmaker reviews of six leading bookmakers. These reviews highlight unique features, offers, sports coverage, usability, and even niche options to help you choose the best sites in the UK for your needs and preferences.

Bet365 Review: The Giant of UK Betting Sites

Bet365 is synonymous with excellence in the sports betting industry. As one of the largest bookmakers, it offers extensive sports coverage and cutting-edge features that cater to bettors of all levels. Bet365’s reputation for innovation and reliability places it at the forefront of the market, boasting a user base that spans millions globally.

  • Offers: New customers can claim up to £50 in free bets after making a qualifying deposit and wager. 
  • Sports and Market Coverage: Bet365 excels in providing comprehensive coverage, from mainstream sports like football, tennis, and cricket to niche options such as esports and snooker. 
  • Key Features: Standout features include live streaming, Cash Out, and a user-friendly Bet Builder tool. The live streaming service covers over 140,000 events annually, making it ideal for in-play betting enthusiasts. 
  • Ease of Use: The website and mobile app are both intuitive and fast, ensuring seamless navigation and betting. 
  • Pros: Exceptional live betting features, competitive odds, and vast market coverage. 
  • Cons: Some promotions target high-stakes bettors, potentially alienating casual users. 

Coral Review: Generous Offers and Top Features for UK Players

Coral is a well-established name among UK bookmakers, celebrated for its frequent promotions and excellent customer experience. The platform combines online and retail betting seamlessly, creating a versatile betting ecosystem that appeals to a wide range of users.

  • Offers: New users can enjoy a “Bet £5 Get £20” offer in free bets. 
  • Sports and Market Coverage: Coral covers a variety of sports, with a strong focus on football and horse racing. It also supports virtual sports and esports. 
  • Key Features: Highlights include live streaming, in-play betting, and the Coral Connect Card, which allows seamless transitions between online and retail betting. 
  • Ease of Use: The platform’s intuitive design ensures quick bet placement. The mobile app is optimized for speed and simplicity. 
  • Pros: Generous offers, excellent football and racing coverage, and retail integration. 
  • Cons: Limited esports options and fewer niche sports compared to competitors. 

Betfred Review: A Trusted Name in UK Sports Betting

Following bookmaker reviews, Betfred is one of the most trusted names in sports betting, blending traditional values with modern features. It’s particularly popular for its football and horse racing markets, complemented by innovative promotions that enhance betting value.

  • Offers: New customers can claim “Bet £10 Get £30” in free bets. 
  • Sports and Market Coverage: Betfred provides excellent football, golf, and horse racing options, along with niche markets like darts and greyhound racing. 
  • Key Features: Unique promotions such as “Double Delight & Hat-Trick Heaven” enhance value for football fans. Other features include in-play stats and partial Cash Out. 
  • Ease of Use: A straightforward interface and responsive mobile app make navigation effortless. 
  • Pros: Innovative promotions, reliable odds, and a rewarding loyalty program. 
  • Cons: Live streaming is limited to select events. 

Sportingbet Review: Perfect for First-Time Bettors

Sportingbet is an ideal platform for beginners, offering a simplified betting experience without overwhelming users. Its focus on user-friendly features and straightforward design makes it a standout choice for those new to betting sites.

  • Sports and Market Coverage: Coverage focuses on popular sports such as football, tennis, and rugby, with limited support for niche markets. 
  • Key Features: Sportingbet offers in-play betting and a streamlined mobile app, prioritizing ease of use over advanced features. 
  • Ease of Use: The platform’s design is clean and straightforward, perfect for those new to sites. 
  • Pros: Low minimum deposits, simple interface, and quick withdrawals. 
  • Cons: Lack of advanced features and minimal live streaming options. 

BetVictor Review: Competitive Odds and Excellent Customer Support

BetVictor is renowned for its competitive odds and high-quality customer support, making it a preferred choice for both casual and professional bettors. The platform’s focus on fast payouts and innovative tools ensures a premium experience.

  • Offers: New users receive £30 in bonuses when they place a £5 qualifying bet. 
  • Sports and Market Coverage: BetVictor’s offerings span football, cricket, and special event markets like politics and entertainment. 
  • Key Features: Popular tools include Bet Builder, Cash Out, and one of the fastest withdrawal processes in the industry. 
  • Ease of Use: With a minimalist interface and responsive app, BetVictor offers a smooth user experience. 
  • Pros: Exceptional odds, fast payouts, and dedicated customer support. 
  • Cons: Promotions may not suit casual players seeking simpler terms. 

Bet UK Review: A Rising Star in the UK Gambling Market

Bet UK is a modern and innovative bookmaker that has quickly gained popularity among bookmakers. With a sleek design and attractive promotions, it’s a great choice for bettors seeking an emerging platform with a fresh approach.

  • Offers: Bet £10 Get £30 in free bets for new users. 
  • Sports and Market Coverage: Focused on football, basketball, and emerging markets like esports, with competitive odds across the board. 
  • Key Features: In-play stats, Cash Out, and a loyalty program tailored to frequent bettors. 
  • Ease of Use: The platform is modern and mobile-friendly, providing a seamless experience for both desktop and app users. 
  • Pros: User-friendly design, excellent promotions, and a focus on emerging sports. 
  • Cons: Fewer options for niche sports compared to established brands. 

By bookmaker reviews you can choose top bookmakers, you can find a platform that suits your preferences, whether you prioritize odds, robust features, or generous welcome offers. Each of these betting sites has something unique to offer, ensuring there’s a perfect choice for every type of bettor.

UK Bookmakers Compared: Welcome Offers, Odds, and Features

UK Bookmakers

When choosing the right platform, it’s essential to compare UK bookmakers side by side. Below is a quick reference guide that highlights the welcome offers, odds, sports coverage, and standout features of leading betting sites in the UK.

BookmakerOffersOdds MarginSports CoveredKey Features
Bet365Up to £50 in free betsLowFootball, Tennis, Cricket, Esports, SnookerLive streaming, Bet Builder, In-play stats
CoralBet £5 Get £20MediumFootball, Horse Racing, Greyhound Racing, Virtual SportsCoral Connect, Early Cash Out, Mobile App
BetfredBet £10 Get £30MediumFootball, Golf, Darts, Horse RacingDouble Delight & Hat-Trick Heaven, Rewards Club
SportingbetBet £10 Get £10HighFootball, Tennis, RugbySimplified mobile app, Low deposit requirements
BetVictorBet £5 Get £30LowFootball, Cricket, Politics, Special EventsQuick withdrawals, Bet Builder, 24/7 Support
Bet UKBet £10 Get £30MediumFootball, Basketball, EsportsLoyalty program, In-play stats, Competitive esports odds

Key Takeaways:

  • Welcome Offers: Bet365 and Bet UK provide attractive bonuses for both casual and seasoned bettors. 
  • Competitive Odds: Bet365 and BetVictor lead the pack with consistently low margins. 
  • Features: Coral’s Coral Connect and Betfred’s unique football promotions stand out, while Bet UK caters to modern esports fans. 

This table simplifies the process of comparing the top UK bookmakers, allowing you to select the best betting sites in the UK based on your priorities, whether it’s feature-rich experiences, or niche sports coverage.

Choosing the Right UK Betting Site: Expert Tips

Selecting the ideal platform from the many UK bookmakers can feel overwhelming, but breaking the process into actionable steps simplifies the decision. Here are expert tips to help you find the perfect fit for your betting style.

Evaluate Personal Preferences

Start by considering what matters most to you. Are you focused on football or niche markets like esports? Do you prefer live betting, accumulators, or standard wagers? Identifying your preferred sports and betting sites that cater to these needs will narrow your options significantly.

Compare Odds and Promotions

Look for competitive odds that maximize your potential winnings. Comparing welcome offers, such as “Bet £10 Get £30” deals, is equally important. These promotions can provide significant value for new users, so ensure the terms align with your budget and betting habits.

Test Usability

Explore the platform’s usability through demos or free accounts. The best betting sites feature intuitive interfaces, fast loading times, and mobile compatibility. A poorly designed platform can detract from the overall experience.

Verify Licenses and Read Reviews

Ensure the bookmaker holds a UK Gambling Commission (UKGC) license. This guarantees security and fairness. Reading bookmaker reviews also offers insights into customer satisfaction and potential red flags.

Prioritize Responsible Gambling Tools

Top UK bookmakers offer tools like deposit limits, self-exclusion options, and time-out features. These resources are essential for maintaining a safe and enjoyable betting experience.

By following these tips, you can confidently choose the best betting sites in the UK that meet your needs while ensuring a secure and user-friendly experience.

Online Betting vs. Retail: Which Is Right for You?

As the digital era continues to evolve, more bettors are gravitating toward online betting sites rather than visiting traditional retail shops.

Top Benefits of Betting Online in the UK:

  1. Exclusive Promotions: Many sites offer unmatched incentives like free bets, enhanced odds, and cashback promotions. 
  1. Mobile Betting Convenience: With mobile apps, bettors can place wagers anytime, anywhere. This flexibility ensures that users never miss out on live events or last-minute betting opportunities. 
  1. Live Streaming and In-Play Stats: Leading UK bookmakers provide live streaming of sports events directly on their platforms, coupled with real-time statistics. This integration allows users to make informed decisions while enjoying the action. 
  1. Wider Range of Options: The best betting sites in the UK offer a broader selection of sports, markets, and bet types than retail outlets. 

By prioritizing accessibility, features, and exclusive promotions, online betting sites have become the go-to choice for modern bettors in the UK.

The Final Word on Choosing a UK Bookmaker

Selecting the right platform from the vast array of UK bookmakers can greatly enhance your betting experience. It’s essential to prioritize licensed and secure platforms that offer robust features, including live streaming, odds, and responsible gambling tools.

By consulting reliable bookmaker reviews and utilizing comparison tables, you can make informed choices that align with your betting preferences, whether you value diverse sports coverage, intuitive apps, or generous promotions.

Ultimately, the best betting sites are those that combine trustworthiness, usability, and value, ensuring a safe and enjoyable experience for all users. Use the insights and tools provided in these reviews to select a bookmaker that meets your needs and elevates your betting journey.

FAQs About UK Bookmakers and Betting Sites

Check the bookmaker’s website for the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC) logo, typically found in the footer. Alternatively, visit the UKGC’s official site to confirm the license status through their register of approved operators, as noted in various bookmaker reviews.

Bet365’s offer of up to £50 in free bets is among the most attractive welcome offers for new users, providing excellent value with minimal wagering requirements.

Yes, reputable online betting sites like Betfred and Bet UK implement SSL encryption and responsible gambling tools, ensuring a secure and fair betting environment.

Register with a bookmaker, make a qualifying deposit or wager, and follow the specific terms outlined in the promotion. Reliable betting sites will detail these steps clearly to make the process seamless.